Friday, April 13, 2012

FTP Server


FTP Server

An FTP server is a software.html application running the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which is the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.

FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server.[1] FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

The FTP Server implementation in Microsoft® Windows® CE can copy files to and from remote computer systems over a network using TCP/IP. The source code is provided to you as is, so that you can customize the implementation for your specific requirements.

Most Important FTP Server

Name
Platform
Windows only
Windows only
Windows only
Mac OS X, Windows, Linux, *BSD, Solaris, etc.
Microsoft Windows/Windows
open source, free software Windows XP/Vista/7
Mac OS X (Intel/PPC)
Windows (All Editions)
Windows only
open source, free softwareWindows NT based


Transfers files to and from a computer running a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server service such as Internet Information Services. Ftp can be used interactively or in batch mode by processing ASCII text files.


The FTP Server included with Microsoft® Windows® CE is a sample intended to show you how to create networking services that correctly interact and register with Services.exe.

Configuring Your Personal FTP Server

This article may contain URLs that were valid when originally published, but now link to sites or pages that no longer exist. To maintain the flow of the article, we've left these URLs in the text, but disabled the links.

Microsoft® Windows® CE .NET 4.2 includes a sample File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server. This sample application is intended for use by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).
To use data representations in FTP, you must specify the data representation type. This data type may define a byte-size for interpretation, referred to as the "logical byte size."
IIS as an FTP Server
In addition to acting as a Web server, IIS can act as an FTP server. The FTP service is not installed by default on IIS. Therefore, to use IIS as an FTP server, you must install the FTP service

Wi Fi


1. Wi Fi

Wi-Fi is a means of connecting wireless devices to each other in order to exchange data. Wi-Fi is actually a brand name for a set of security and hardware function protocols which aim to help ensure that a Wi-Fi connection is secure and easy to configure. Establishing these approved protocols creates a Wi-Fi certified network, which can help connect your business data and ensure a secure connection for your customers and employees.
Basics
Wi-Fi is short for wireless fidelity. Wi-Fi is a common term used by businesses to advertise that they have wireless Internet. You may not know that Wi-Fi is actually a brand held by the Wi-Fi alliance. Use of the Wi-Fi brand means that your products and their configurations follow hardware and security requirements.
  Wi-Fi Certified
 If your wireless hardware and configurations meet the requirements set forth by the Wi-Fi Alliance, your connection is Wi-Fi Certified. Wi-Fi certified products are products which have been tested for reliability by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The Wi-Fi alliance tests four different categories of Wi-Fi to ensure that they meet Wi-Fi certified brand standards. The four types of Wi-Fi are 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. Each category is tested for adherence to performance standards before it is given Wi-Fi certified status.
 Hotspots
Wireless Internet hotspots are located in many places, but not all wireless hotspots are Wi-Fi certified. You can locate Wi-Fi certified hotspots using the ZONE finder on the Wi-Fi Alliance's website. By using Wi-Fi certified hotspots, you can be sure that the hardware that accesses the Internet has been tested by an independent lab verifying that it meets security standards. These standards can help you ensure that you are accessing a secure wireless network.
Testing
The Wi-Fi Alliance performs a series of tests on wireless Internet hardware to make sure they meet the quality standards that were established by the organization. In addition to hardware integrity tests, the security of the wireless hardware is tested by Wi-Fi to make sure it meets a set of standards called the "Wi-Fi Protected Setup." Products which pass the test should should be easy to configure and secure for the average consumer. The test used to be called the "Wi-Fi Simple Config."
 Function
 Wi-Fi certification can offer many benefits to private individuals and businesses small and large. Wi-Fi certification offers a more secure and easier to configure way of connecting your wireless devices. Wi-Fi is most functional in corporate applications, especially situations in which sensitive data needs to be protected by adequate security measures. Small businesses can benefit from Wi-Fi because it allows them to collect their data and connect employees for easier access and communication.

2. TFT LCD
Many modern television and computer displays use TFT LCD technology, but this type of display remains somewhat mysterious to some users. By manipulating a semisolid material with electricity, TFT LCD devices can accurately reproduce visual images.
Definition
The term TFT LCD is a shorthand expression for thin film transistor liquid crystal display technology. These displays use electrical stimulation of liquid crystals to produce a visual image.
Structure
Plasma.com describes a TFT LCD as a collection of liquid crystals sandwiched between two glass plates. The LCD display manufacturer Samsung notes that the displays also include a circuit unit, a backlight and a chassis for support.
Function
According to Samsung, electricity stimulates liquid crystals in a TFT LCD display. The stimulated liquid crystals change their structure and alignment depending on the applied voltage, and these changes appear as different colors. A TFT LCD groups thousands of liquid crystals together, aligning thousands of individual picture elements, or pixels, to produce visual images.
3. Projector
A projector is a device that uses light and lenses to take an image and project a magnified image onto a larger screen or wall. Projectors can magnify still or moving images depending on how they are built. The image must be shone through a sealed tube or frame when passing through the lenses to maintain focus.

Effects
The projector sends the lighted image through at least two lenses (concave and convex) to focus the image and then magnify it out to the screen. Because it is several lenses fused into one, a fresnel lens can sometimes work by itself (though the image can be inverted).
Types
Overhead and slide projectors are among the projectors that shine light through a still image and uses its lenses to project a larger image onto the screen. A film or video projector sends moving pictures across the light beam to play a movie in the same way.

Features
 The one, and most important, feature shared by almost all projectors is the ability to adjust the lenses and focus the projected image to get a clear picture (depending on the projector's proximity to the screen).

Function
Most projectors use a straight tube or frame that sends the image in one direction. An overhead projector, however, first shines the image upward and then bounces it off a mirror to send it in a forward direction.

Benefits
Still and video projectors are used by both business and educational institutions to showcase important presentations and videos. Movie theaters to this day use projectors to show films on a large screen.

Fun Fact
Any device with a video screen, like a TV or media player, can be turned into a projector by constructing a tube-like frame around the screen and inserting lenses into the frame.

China


China

History

China, one of the four oldest civilizations in the world, has a written history of 4,000 years and boasts rich cultural relics and historical sites. It is the inventor of compass, paper, gunpowder and printing. The Great Wall, the Grand Canal and the Karez irrigation systems are three great ancient engineering projects built 2,000 years ago. Now they are the symbols of the rich culture heritage of the Chinese nation. China has gone over a long history of primitive society, slavery society, feudal society and semi-feudal semi-colonial society and the present socialist society.

Basic Information

Full Country Name:                              People's Republic of China
Area:                                                    9,596,960 sq km (mainland)
Capital City:                                         Beijing (pop 13.8 million)
People:                                                 Han Chinese (93%), plus 55 ethnic minorities
Official Language:                                Putonghua (Beijing Mandarin dialect)
Religion:                                               Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Muslim, Christian
Government:                                         Communist republic
Current Head of State:              Hu Jintao
GDP:                                                    US$4.5 trillion
GDP per Head:                                    US$3600
Growth Rate:                                        7.8% Slide 15:


Population

Total population of China The total population of China as of 2010 is 1.3 billion people (1,330,044,605 )

National Language

Mandarin is the national language of China. It is usually a business language and is the most spoken dialect of the Chinese. National language of China

The land of China hosts every possible thing that the world and its people have ever seen. From soaring mountains to big-time cities; from long and wide beaches to neverending plains; from towering temples to beautiful gardens - yes, it is quite obvious that no one or nothing can ever experience all of China in one lifetime.


Culture

Most Chinese people are farmers and herders. They have a major challenge to keep the countries large population fed. TRADITIONS AND CULTURES The Spring Festival It is the most important festival for the Chinese people and it is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people living away from home go back, becoming the busiest time for transportation systems of about half a month from the Spring Festival.

Religions:

China is a multi-religious country. Buddhism, Taoism and Islam are the three major religions. Catholicism and Protestantism have smaller but substantial followers too.
Different ethnic groups usually follow different religions. Islam is followed by the Hui, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Tatar, Dongxiang, Salar and Bonan peoples. Buddhism and Lamaism are followed by the Tibetan, Mongolian, Dai and Yugur nationalities. Christianity is followed by the Miao, Yao and Yi nationalities. Shamanism is followed by the Oroqen, Ewenki and Daur nationalities. The majority Han nationality believes in Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity.

Sports

Many historians believe that association football originated in China, where a form of the sport may have appeared around 1000 AD. Other popular sports include martial arts, table tennis, badminton, and more recently, golf. Basketball is now popular among young people in urban centers.

Conclusion
China has a long history of 5,000 years. The Chinese people have lived and multiplied on this land where all ethnic groups have mixed together, in the course of which they have evolved powerful cohesiveness, and the values of cherishing and safeguarding unity. Over the long course of history, the Chinese nation has witnessed changes of dynasties, transfers of governments, local separatist regimes, and foreign invasions, especially the untold invasions and dismemberment by foreign powers in modern history. However, unity has always been the main trend in the development of Chinese history. After every separation, the country was invariably reunified, only to be followed in its wake by rapid political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological development. Our compatriots in Taiwan have a glorious tradition of patriotism, and have performed brilliant exploits in the struggles against foreign invasions of Taiwan. Since the founding of the PRC, the Chinese people have particularly valued their hard-earned national independence, firmly upheld state sovereignty and territorial integrity and struggled unswervingly for reunification of the motherland. The 5, 000-year history and culture have been implanted deeply in the minds of the Chinese people, sprouting the strong national consciousness of the need for national unification.

Business Motivation


Business Motivation
Motivation. It's a complicated subject that is studied by many and understood by few. Virtually every aspect of human life -- from the mundane to the life-changing -- is guided, swayed and altered by motivating factors.
For instance, what to have for dinner may be motivated by a desire to lose or gain weight. Whether or not to attend a business seminar may be motivated by the speakers, location and cost. When and where to buy new clothing may be motivated by a long list of personal preferences as well as the changing seasons and weather conditions.
Even reading this article is a motivated behavior. Do you like the style of writing? Are you curious about the subject matter? Do you have a desire to learn new information? Do you have enough time to finish reading? If the answers are no, you probably won't continue reading!
But since you have continued, you are obviously motivated. You want to learn more about how to get and stay motivated, and how this motivation can help you become a better business owner.
THE BUSINESS OF MOTIVATION
Motivation is one of the most powerful driving forces in the workplace. It can mean the difference between tremendous success and failure.
Motivation stems from two sources. The first part of motivation is external or extrinsic (outside the person) sources. Other motivating factors come from internal forces, which are mainly your thoughts, patterns and collective experiences.
However, humans are unique, so what motivates Jack will not necessarily motivate Jill. You -- and only you -- will be able to determine what works.
Take the time to examine what internal and external factors are motivating you as a business owner. What can you do to enhance and refine your motivation to make yourself more productive and more fulfilled?
Here are seven keys to motivation that may prove helpful.
1. INSPIRATION
Inspiration is critical to getting and staying motivated. If you are not interested in your business, your motivation level will never be high and you won't be able to sustain interest for very long.
On the flip side, if you are energized and excited about the work you are doing, you will have more persistence, energy and intensity.
Take an honest look at your inspiration level. Are you excited about going to work or is it an obligation? You would be surprised at the number of people who choose a business that looks good on paper, but in reality does not interest them in the least. These individuals will grow weary and uninterested pretty quickly because they have no inspiration or passion to sustain them during the difficult times they will encounter as a small business owner.
If you don't really enjoy your work, then think how you can re-focus your small business to better match your needs. Or consider making a change entirely. That's pretty drastic advice, but inspiration is that important.
2. SETTING GOALS
Short and long-term goal setting is vital for any business owner. If you didn't set goals, you would be adrift with nothing to strive for and no charted course to follow.
How could you possibly be motivated if you were unsure about the direction of your company?
Take the time to put your goals in writing. A business plan may sound daunting, but it is really nothing more than goals, strategies, implementation and a budget. Write your own business plan and update it at least annually. Include "mini-goals" that can be accomplished in a matter of hours, days or weeks as well as the more ambitious "grand-goals" that may take years to complete. Refer to this plan throughout the year.
But can a business plan really help motivate you? Yes! Written goals will make you feel more professional and certainly more connected to your business. It will also free you from having to reinvent your business goals every single day.
3. NETWORKING
Another key factor in getting and staying motivated is networking with other small business owners. One person can't move huge mountains. However, when a number of people begin working together the mountains are suddenly only small hills -- simply challenges waiting to be surmounted.
In fact, the isolation of working alone is of one the most difficult parts of being an entrepreneur. Mutual support is motivating. So, make it easier on yourself by connecting with others either in your community or online. Even when businesses are not related, you will often find common ground and ways to work together.
Many successful entrepreneurs report that finding the right networking group was a turning point in the growth of the business. Working together, a networking group can help its members generate more qualified sales leads and solve problems faster and more efficiently. Sharing ideas, expertise and experience is also an invaluable aspect of networking groups. And, don't forget about sharing costs, possibly by buying in bulk or with joint marketing projects.
Your own personal team of business owners will help re-energize you when the burdens of running your own business seem too much. With your networking team to rely on, you can accomplish more in less time and probably have more fun in the process. Certainly, you will feel less alone.
4. REWARD YOURSELF
Small business owners will always have to work hard, but all work and no play is a huge mistake. Your motivation will soon begin to fall if you never take any time away from the demands of running the business.
So, plan frequent rewards for yourself. No, it doesn't need to be a trip to Hawaii (although this is a great idea). Your reward can be as simple as a lunch out with an old friend, a matinee with your significant other, an afternoon of shopping or a relaxing massage.
If your budget and time will allow, take a few days off for a short trip or simply schedule a vacation from work for a few days. Make it a real vacation -- even if you don't leave town -- so no checking email, voice mail or the fax machine. You need to get away, unwind and renew yourself. This "down" time to regenerate will help improve your attitude and perspective. It sounds corny, but you will come back to your business with a new sense of motivation.
5. EXERCISE
While it isn't always immediately apparent, there is a powerful connection between the mind and the body. It is vital for every small business owner to take breaks and exercise -- everyday. If your body isn't healthy, your motivation will certainly suffer.
These exercise breaks don't have to be huge blocks of time, and you needn't spend money joining a gym or hiring a personal trainer. Start by walking briskly for 30 minutes before, during or after work. After you have incorporated a walk each day, then try doubling the time or doing two walks each day.
Whatever works for you is best, but the important thing is to start. You will begin to feel better.
After the walking is part of your routine, add some basic light weights. Buy a tape or go online to find out how to properly use the weights so you won't injure yourself.
You can keep the weights under your desk, and use them for just a few minutes at a time. Buy a timer the next time you are at the grocery store. Set the timer for for three minutes to start and then add a minute or two until you're up to 10 or 15 minutes each day.
Some small business owners have a television at work and they schedule a CNN break along with their weights. This way, they are catching up with world and local news while simultaneously getting some moderate exercise.
8. ORGANIZE
Organization is critical to motivation. How can you feel good about your work, when you can't find important papers or you are constantly late returning messages? Your business will falter and your motivation will suffer.
Some people just can't get organized. If you are one of them, then consider bringing in someone -- a business friend, family member or professional -- to help you get the clutter and mess cleaned up. You will be amazed at how this one important step will help you get back on the organizational track. Don't stop there. Now really get organized by creating business systems that will help you streamline your operations.
The real challenge will be keeping yourself on track by maintaining these systems. For many, it is a daily challenge, but if you use your organizational systems you'll be free to think about other important issues.
7. MOTIVATIONAL SPEAKERS AND AUTHORS
As small business owners, it seems we are bombarded with motivational ideas and materials-- tapes, books, CD's, seminars, workbooks, videos and more. Why are there so many different motivational products, authors and speakers? Because people are buying these materials. Used effectively, they are effective and therefore they sell!
However, there are so many different motivational gurus that it is often difficult to see through the clutter to find someone that makes sense for you -- someone who can get you "fired up" about working and improving your business.
Try talking to your mentor or networking group members to see who they might recommend. Start being aware of the motivational industry and how it might help you become more enthused and positive about your business. Do some light research of your own to find some authors and speakers that interest you.
Before you invest in motivational materials, you can probably find some inexpensive ways to obtain the materials. Check out your local library, tune into your local PBS station, buy materials with a networking friend, visit used bookstores or buy used materials online. Don't make a huge investment, because you will probably want to sample many different viewpoints.
But do these materials really work? Yes, but only if you make the effort. Just like exercise, you have to work the muscles -- in this case your mind muscles.
It is up to you to take that information and apply it to your own life and business. Really use the motivational ideas over a period of time and you will begin to see results.
KEEP THE MOMENTUM GOING
Motivation is what moves us forward in our daily and business lives. Take the time to examine your motivating factors and use some of these keys to improve your focus and renew your enthusiasm. If you keep on track, the motivation momentum can't help but carry you forward.

Business Environment and Social Responsibility


Business Environment and Social Responsibility



Business Environment
Business environment refers to the conditions prevailing in a society in which a business is to be operated. It is defined as the total of all things external to business firms and industries, which effect their organization and operation. The number and scope of environmental factors, which effect business, is broad. There should be included all aspects of our social, scientific, economic, political and cultural life which have some bearing upon business.

Relationship of Environment to Business
To understand fully the nature of business, its structure, its organization and its behavior, one must look not only at the business properly, but also at the environment within which business operates. More specifically, this means that business exists in surroundings external to its direct or operating components of firms and industries.

Economic Environment
Business is greatly influenced by the economy of the country. Its operational success depends upon an adjustment and meeting the requirements of the economy. The important factors that are to be looked into and effectively handled are:         
                     
  1. Desires, Customer sand Markets
The purpose of business is to anticipate desires of people and purpose goods and services accordingly to satisfy them. Let these goods and services so produced be carried effectively to the place of customers. But it is not possible unless businessman produces them at proper time and makes them available to customers at reasonable price

2.Availability
Businessmen must assess the source or sources of capital as well as the cost at which it is available. For a developing country like ours, obtaining capital is not so easy. It is definitely a problem as its availability depends upon will and capacity of people to save and invest, existence of good capital and money market, and economic and financial policy of the government etc.

3.Availability of Labour
Operational efficiency of a business enterprise greatly depends upon the availability of labour at a reasonable price. If such manpower in the shape of skilled and unskilled workers is sufficiently available to a business according to its requirement and within reasonable wage rate, it can carry on its activities and expect profit

4. Level of Productivity
Productivity at a reasonable level depends upon how the activities are planned, organized, directed and controlled. The use of the latest production techniques, machines, manpower, and motivation and techniques of people to work sincerely and devotedly are some of the requirements to achieve the desired level of productivity.

5. Imaginative Entrepreneurship
The success of an entrepreneur depends upon the quality of his imagination and skill. More he is intelligent, imaginative, and farsighted, more he is effective in grabbing the opportunity and playing his role in the economic growth and betterment of people.

6. Qualified and Capable Manager
The competent role of managers has greatly improved the efficiency of work operation, reduced cost and enhanced capability to face challenge of competition. The science of management is undergoing a fast improvement in the light of research, study, experiences and observation. Every business enterprise is struggling to avail the benefit of intelligent, qualified, and competent managers.

7. Market Size
Market size of a business depends upon its production policy and programme. If its production target is limited, it will have a small market. On the other hand, if it has a large-scale production programme, it has to expand its market. Such business enterprises even go to international markets. Desire to expand the size of market causes them to adopt new marketing strategies and planned efforts to go as deep to different places as possible and create as many customers as it could be.

8. Price Levels and Inflation
In case if price level is changing fast, it becomes difficult for a business enterprise to plan its activities that would ensure a reasonable gain. Changing price, levels make the cost of capital, production, distribution, and profit unpredictable and uncertain. But still then we find entrepreneurs coming up with fair guess and estimation to make their business operate with better results and survive the vagaries of changing price levels and inflation.

Social and Cultural Environment
      Businesses produce goods and services for people who dwell in the society. Thus the number of people, their age and educational composition has great significance for business. What a person buys or the service he consumes is a reflection of his religious and cultural constraints. Thus the cultural religious and ethnic pressures have a vital bearing on the affairs of the business.

1. Population Growth
for a businessman, population growth presents both opportunities and problems. Opportunities arise from the fact that there are continually more consumers to buy business output and more workers to produce and sell it. Problems are caused by the fact that as more people want and need jobs, businesses must make them available otherwise the society will have to face the menace of unemployment.

2. Population Composition

(a) Age-Wise Composition
      Different age groups have different demands. Young people are interested in automobiles, musical instruments, sport equipments etc. Older people may be interest in medical care and health, food etc.

(b) Education Standard
      An illiterate population can be easily deceived. Gone are the days of the sellers society. The society where consumers are educated is the buyers society. People can well judge between good and bad and reap the economies of modern technology.

(c) Economic Standards
Higher income people can afford to satisfy tastes that people of lower incomes cannot. Thus when the medium family income increases, the market for business products and services also expands.

(d) Changing Job Opportunities
With increased investment in human resources, the opportunities to improve labour productivity are enhanced. The occupational shifts have been towards professional, technical, managerial jobs and in service industries. The opportunities for farm workers, craftsmen, machine operators etc, is declining substantially.

3. Social Attitudes and Beliefs
Businesses have to take into account the attitudes, desires, beliefs, tastes, problems and customs of the consumers. These aspects vary in individuals, groups and even nations. Americans hold attitudes like respect for all individuals, strong regard for education, faith in science and technology, belief in innovation, belief in competition, belief in an environment cleansed of air and water pollution, lovable communities with decent housing, safe streets, efficient transportation, educational and cultural opportunities. Such social beliefs have a considerable impact on business climate.

4. Pluralism
The society is broken down into many kinds of groups' consumers, investors, labour organizations, managers, government's bureaucrats and politicians, religious groups, racial groups etc. In everything that business managers do, they must be alert to this pluralistic feature of the society. While the existence of so many interest groups tends to complicate business operations, they constitute a major safeguard against dominance of the society by any single interest group.

Technological Environment
There has always been a strong link between business and technology. Any business that wishes to survive in a changing world must be aware of the modern technological changes and also use technology to develop and modernize its products or services, to meet cost competition and to improve marketing. The alert businessman must not only be aware o technological changes affecting his operations and his customs, he needs to forecast the state of the art so that he will have time to use it successfully before he finds his products or processes obsolete. This he must also do so that he is the first one to put up a new product at the suitable time in the market and not lag behind which will be a degrading position in the world of competition.

Political Environmen
Political environment has a great impact on the establishment, operation, growth and expansion of business. Stable political climate makes things more certain and predictable. Businessman fined themselves in a better position to estimate future and plan their business. In other worlds, greater is the political stability, better may be the opportunity for successful business. That is the reason why we often witness flight of capital from the country where there is political instability or where policy of government frequently changes.

Legal Environment
Every business is encircled by the laws, regulations, and court decisions of the land. Almost each and every decision made by a businessman should be within the permissible limits of laws and regulations of the country. He should know that his action or decision might be subjected to a challenge in the court of law. Thus all decisions and steps should be within the framework of the law of the land. This success depends upon how he meets all legal requirements. We know that in certain cases rules and regulations may be burdensome. But they all aim at creating an atmosphere that is best suited to good conduct of business and protect the interests of customers and workers as well.

9. Government Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Government collects revenue through taxes, duties, fees etc, and spends the same on administration, public utilities like roads, bridges, canals, buildings, hospitals etc. Greater burden of taxes imposed by the government on people may reduce their ability to save and could affect investment climate. Similarly, monetary policy, which influences supply of money within the country, does also have its impacts on business activities. Central Bank of the country as controller of credit plays its role to regulate money supply together with the government.

Social Responsibility in Business

A large part of an organization's response to its environment is called SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.

"Social Responsibility has been defined as the organization's obligation to take actions that protect and improve the welfare of the society as a whole, along with advancing its own interests."

Basically business is said to possess this responsibility because of its extreme power to influence societal conditions.

Natural Resources of Pakistan


1. Coal

Pakistan newly discovered one low and four low-to-medium quality coal seams in the Punjab. Low sulfur coal was recently reported at the Baluchistan and near Islamabad. Bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal have been found in Pakistan.
Coal reserves are estimated at 175 billion tons. This would equate to 618 billion barrels of crude oil. When compared to oil reserves his is more than twice the amount of the top four countries. If At KSA’s current usage, the reserves would last more than 200 years.

2. Soil
Soil is defined as that part of the unconsolidated material covering the surface of the earth which supports plant growth. It has three major constituents. (1) Solid Particles (Salts, mineral and organic matter), (2) air and (3) water. The type of soil formed is a function of topography, climate vegetation and the parent rocks from which the soil material is derived. Soil material transported and deposited by running water is known as alluvium which that transported and deposited by winds form aeolian soil. Soils formed in silt are termed residual. Soil forming process is complex and continuous. As a result, soils vary in their chemical composition colour, texture and organic content place to place.
3. Water
Water is basic need of life. Human beings, animals and plants cannot live without water. Water is essential for sustaining quality of life on earth. This finite commodity has a direct bearing on almost all sectors of economy. In Pakistan its importance is more than ordinary due to the agrarian nature of the economy. The share of agricultural sector in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan is about 25%. Since agriculture is the major user of water, therefore sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and adequate availability of water. The increasing pressures of population and industrialization have already placed greater demands on water, with an ever increasing number and intensity of local and regional conflicts over its availability and use. Historically, the high aridity index of the country is adding further to the significance of water in development activities in Pakistan.
Though, once a water-surplus country with huge water-resources of the Indus River System, Pakistan is now a water-deficit country. Surface water-resources of Pakistan are mainly based on the flows of the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus River has a total length of 2900 kilometres (Km) and the drainage-area is about 9,66,000 sq.km. Five major tributaries joining its eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej; besides, three minor tributaries are the Soan, Harow, and Siran, which drain in mountainous areas. The famous lakes of Pakistan are Haleji Lake, Hana Lake, Keenjhar Lake, Manchhar Lake, Saiful Muluk Lake.
4. Air/Winds
Air is very important for the existence of life because all living beings respire through air. The air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide etc. These are the base of existence of ever form of life on earth. The oxygen in the air is essential for our life whereas other gases are necessary for animal and plant life.
5. Forests
Forests are extensive, continuous areas of land dominated by trees. The forests of Pakistan reflect great physiographic, climate and edaphic contrasts in the country. The desired level of forests is 20-30 percent of the total land of a country. In Pakistan only about 4.8 percent of the total area is forested which is very low.
Forests are important in many different ways. From an ecological point of view, they help to maintain a balance in the environment by checking pollution and protecting the soil from erosion by wind or water and intercepting rainfall, particularly on sloping ground. By preventing soil erosion, the trees on the slopes of hills also regulate the supply of water to the reservoirs thereby reducing floods.
Decomposition of leaves helps in humus formation, which maintains the fertility of the soil. This ensures food supply to millions of people.
From a commercial and industrial point of view, forests provide raw materials to various industries e.g. timber, pharmaceutical paper. They also have recreational value, promote tourism and provide employment in the forest department. The are many employment opportunities that depend on the forests.
The type and distribution of forests are closely linked to altitude. In areas above the snow line, there is hardly any vegetation. Alpine forests grow just below the snow line. From 1000 to 4000 meters, coniferous forests are found. Below 1000 meters, only irrigated plantations have good species of wood.
6. Minerals and Power/Energy Resources
Minerals and power resources are the foundation of economic development. They help in giving an initial push to the raising of production in all sectors of the economy. Pakistan has a large variety of minerals some of which have Bubatantial reserves and quite a few are of high quality. Besides rock salt, coal, iron, ore, limestone, chromite, gypsum, marble, copper, magnetite and uranium useful deposits of magnesite, sulphur, barites, china clay, bauxite, antimony ore, bentonite, dolomite, fire clay, fluorite, fuller’s earth, phosphate rock, silica sand, soap stone and molybdenum are found in the country development. Semi-autonomous corporations under the Ministry of Petroleum and natural resources have been set up for the purpose. These are the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC), the Resource Development Corporation (RDC) and the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP).
Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves, some proven oil reserves, coal and a large hydropower potential. However, the exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic political constraints. Domestic petroleum production totals only about half the country’s oil needs, and the need to import oil has contributed to Pakistan’s trade deficits and past shortages of foreign exchange.
The current government has announced that privatization in the oil and gas sector is a priority, as is the substitution of indigenous gas for imported oil, especially in the production of power. Pakistan is a world leader in the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for personal automobiles.

Child Labour Assignment


 

Definition of Child Labour

Child labour refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights.

What is child labour

Considerable differences exist between the many kinds of work children do. Some are difficult and demanding, others are more hazardous and even morally reprehensible. Children carry out a very wide range of tasks and activities when they work.

Child Labour Ratio in Pakistan

It is very difficult to make a precise estimate of the magnitude of child labour in Pakistan on account of numerous limitations basic being a lack of data. The last child labour survey conducted by the government was in 1996. According to the survey, 3.3 million of the 40 million children were found to be economically active on a full-time basis. Of the 3.3 million working children, 73 percent (2.4 million) were boys and 27 percent (0.9 million) were girls. Officially children made up about seven percent of the total work force according to the findings of the survey.
The provincial distribution indicated that the volume of child labour in the Punjab was about 1.9 million; three-fifths (60 percent) of total child labour in the country. The second on the list was NWFP, where about one million children were working. Sindh had a population of 298,000 child labourers. The lowest figure was for Balochistan, 14,000, because of the lesser number of households reporting child labour.
Province-wise Comparison of Child Labour
Province
Total No. of Children in age group of 5-14 years (millions)
Total No. of Economically Active Children in Age group of 5-14 years (millions)
Ratio of Child Labour
Punjab
22.63
1.94
8.6%
Sindh
8.62
0.30
3.5%
NWFP
6.71
1.06
15.8%
Balochistan
2.07
0.01
0.5%
Total
40.03
3.31
8.3%
It must be noted that government statistics omitted children those who were working in family and small businesses that are not registered with the government. These official figures were released more than ten years ago and had many loopholes. With approximately 23 million children of school-going age not attending school (SPARC 2009) and population growth nearly 2% annually, the actual number of child labourers will be higher than suggested official figures, and is expected to be over 10 million throughout the country. (HRCP/ SPARC).

Child Labour Ratio global

Bangladesh, India, Nigeria and Pakistan all scored 0.00 out of a possible 10, along with Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Liberia, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan and Zimbabwe to form the 12  countries at the bottom of the ranking, whilst China scored 0.02 and ranked 13th.
Both India and China recently featured in damaging revelations for an international fashion chain, where suppliers used by the company were found to be employing children for less than the minimum wage; however, it is the rural sector where 70% of child labour is found. “These large emerging economies are essential to the strategic interests of multinational business as they constitute a primary source for raw materials and manufactured goods,” said Monique Bianchi, Principal Analyst at Maplecroft. “Not only is child labour wrong, but the existence of child labour within a company’s value chain can have significant impacts on reputation and profits and it is critical that companies undertake stringent monitoring of all suppliers.”

India, ranked joint 1st in the index, is crucial not only to the textile sector, but also to the mining, and ICT industries amongst others. According to the latest government figures, India is home to 14 to 16.4 million child workers. However, these estimates are widely disputed and the US State Department puts the figure closer to 55 million.  Child labour is most prominent in rural areas, particularly in the agricultural sector, including in hybrid seed production, where UNICEF estimates that private companies employ 200,000 children in Andhra Pradesh alone. Indian NGO, Bachpan Bachao Andolan, also reported in 2009 that children as young as 6-8 years old were found to be working in mines in Jharkhand and Bihar, which were extracting mica for export to the global cosmetics industry.
China now features in the supply chains of most multinational companies and Maplecroft advises businesses to be aware that child labour is prevalent throughout the country. Although there are no official statistics on the use of child labour in China, as the government classifies such statistics as ‘state secrets’, it is thought there are between 10 and 20 million underage workers. According to Maplecroft, companies working with suppliers in the textile, electronics and manufacturing sectors are particularly vulnerable to the risk of complicity with labour rights violations.
Other emerging economies categorised as ‘extreme risk’ and of primary concern to business are: Indonesia (18), Egypt (29), Philippines (34), Iran (36), Viet Nam (38), Brazil (45) and Mexico (62).
Maplecroft’s research underlines the fact that the issue of child labour is often symptomatic of a range of underlying structural problems in a country, including poverty and a lack of access to education. This is seen most widely in Africa, where 31 countries are rated ‘extreme risk’ and children often work in farming, artisanal mining and in family enterprises. The ILO reports that 41% of the children in Africa are economically active with 30% of children between 10 and 14 working in agriculture.
Vulnerability to the impacts of climate change will also contribute to increasing rates of child labour, according to Maplecroft’s CEO, Professor Alyson Warhurst: “Drought and deforestation result in more work for children, as they must travel greater distances to gather water and fuel for farming purposes; whilst more frequent and severe climate related disasters will lead to raised levels of poverty, forcing children from education and into the workforce to support their families.”


Advantages of child labour


Well some say that If you close the child labour industries you would be harming what little economy is operating. Third world families have to make a living too. The problem is not children working in suitable occupations, it's child exploitation by going too far down this road.
Disadvantages of Child Labour?
The disadvantages of child labor is you are taking the short lived time out of child's life when they should be getting a good education and having fun with their peers.
In most countries (not third world countries) it's illegal. In third world countries many children do dangerous work and are worked for hours out of a day and are often abused if they are slow doing their work. They get paid little to nothing for all the hard work they do and are often sexually or verbally abused. What type of a life is that for a child!
Child Labour is Ethical or Not in Islam?

If you read the Quran about being good to orphans you will know the significance of treating kids with kindness in Islam.. So them working is non ethical but I guess they may be struggling so the poor kids have to work.. There is always a reason behind everything. it depends on the country, you got alot of the African countries kids work so they can get money and they live in poverty, same goes to India (or parts of India) kids working has nothing to do with religion but with what conditions you are living in.